"Computer Network Tutorial 2022Ifeatures|Components|Types of Network" in this article i will show about Computer Networking system, features of Network, Components of network,types of network,topologies & transmission modes.
Computer Network Tutorial 2022|Features|Components|Types of Network
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Computer Network Tutorial
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The PC Network tutorial provides basic and high-level data communication and networking (DCN) concepts. Our computer networking tutorial is designed for both beginners and experts.
Our Computer Networking tutorial covers all subjects of Computer Networking, for example presentation, highlights, types of PC organization, engineering, equipment, programming, web, internet, web, LAN, WAN and so on.
What is a computer network?
A computer network is a group of gadgets connected through connections. A hub can be a computer, printer, or some other gadget suitable for sending or receiving information. The links connecting hubs are known as correspondence channels.
A PC network includes a suitable treatment in which the assignment is distributed among several computers. All things considered, a single computer handles the entire enterprise, every other computer handles a subset.
Below are the benefits of distributed manipulation:
Security:
Provides limited cooperation that the client can have with the entire framework. For example, a bank allows clients to access their own records through an ATM without allowing them access to the bank's entire information base.
Faster critical thinking: Multiple computers can solve a problem faster than a lone machine working alone.
Security through apparent replay: Multiple computers running a similar program at the same time can provide security through apparent replay. For example, if four computers are running a similar program and a device fails on any computer, different computers can replace it.
it connects so different gadgets can work with each other through organization.
The point of a computer network is to share assets between different gadgets.
Due to the innovation of the computer network, there are several kinds of organizations
Parts of a computer network:
Introduction to PC Networking
The significant components of a computer network are:
NIC (National Interface Card)
A NIC is a gadget that helps a computer talk to another gadget. The organization interface card contains device addresses, the information connection layer convention uses this location to resolve the frame in the organization to move the information to the correct destination.
There are two kinds of NICs: remote NICs and wired NICs.
Remote NIC: All advanced workstations use a remote NIC. In a Wireless NIC, a connection is made using a receiving cable that uses radio wave innovation.
Wired NIC:
Cables use a wired NIC to carry information over a medium.
Central point.
A hub is a central gadget that divides an organization association into many gadgets. The moment the PC requests data from the PC, it sends the request to the Hub. The center sends this request to each of the connected computers.
Switches
A switch is a systems management gadget that brings together all the gadgets in an organization to move information to another gadget. A Switch is better than a Hub because it doesn't communicate the message through the organization, i.e. it sends the message to the gadget where it has a place. Consequently, we can say that the switch sends a message directly from the source to the destination.
Couplings and connectors
A link is a transmission medium that transmits correspondence signals. There are three kinds of links:
Turned pair link: This is a fast link that communicates information at 1Gbps or more.
Coaxial connection:
Coaxial connection looks like a reference to a television set up. A coaxial line is more expensive than a twisted-pair line, but still provides a high speed of information transmission.
Optical line:
An optical line is a high-speed line that sends information using light bars. It provides a high speed of information transfer in contrast to different connections. It is more expensive compared to various bonds, which is why it is introduced at the level of public administration bodies.
Switch
A switch is a gadget that connects a LAN to the web. A switch is fundamentally used to connect unmistakable organizations or associate a site with different computers.
Modem
The modem connects the PC to the web via the current telephone line. The modem is not part of the PC motherboard. A modem is another part of the PC space on the motherboard.
Asset Sharing: Resource sharing is the sharing of assets such as projects, printers, and information between clients in an organization without the need for an actual asset area and client.
Server-Client Model: In the server-client model, computer organization is used. A server is a central computer that is used to store data and keep pace with it by the supervisor of the framework. Clients are machines used to remotely access data stored on a server.
Correspondence medium: A computer network acts as a correspondence medium between clients. For example, an organization containing more than one computer has an email framework that representatives use for day-to-day correspondence.
Internet Business: Computer network is also significant in organizations. We can do business over the web. For example, Amazon.com does business through the web, i.e. it does business through the web.
Features :
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| Computer Network Features |
Features of a computer network
Below is a list of computer networking features.
Communication speed
File sharing
Backing up and restoring is easy
Sharing of software and hardware
Safety
Scalability
Reliability
Communication speed
The network allows us to communicate over the network in a fast and efficient way. For example, we may conduct video conferencing, email messaging, etc. over the Internet. Therefore, a computer network is a great way to share our knowledge and ideas.
File sharing
File sharing is one of the main advantages of a computer network. A computer network allows us to share files with each other.
Backing up and restoring is easy
Because the files are stored on the main server which is centrally located. Therefore, it is easy to perform a backup from the main server.
Sharing of software and hardware
We can install the applications on the main server, so the user can access the applications centrally. So we don't have to install the software on every computer. Similarly, hardware can be shared.
Safety
A network enables security by ensuring that a user has the right to access certain files and applications.
Scalability
Scalability means that we can add new components to the network. The network must be scalable so that we can expand it by adding new devices. However, the connection speed decreases and the data transfer rate also decreases, which increases the probability of an error occurring. This problem can be overcome by using routing or switching devices.
Reliability
A computer network can use an alternative source for data communication in case of hardware failure.
Architecture
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| Computer Network Tutorial 2022| |
Architecture of computer networks
Computer network architecture is defined as the physical and logical design of software, hardware, protocols, and media for data transmission. we will simply say how computers are organized and how tasks are assigned to a computer.
Two sorts of network architectures are used:
Architecture of computer networks
Peer-To-Peer Network
Client/server network
Peer-To-Peer Network
A Peer-To-Peer network may be a network in which all computers are connected with the same permissions and responsibilities for data processing.
A Peer-To-Peer network is beneficial for small environments, typically up to 10 computers.
The Peer-To-Peer network has no dedicated server.
Each computer is assigned specific permissions to share resources, but this will lead to a problem if the computer with the resource is down.
Architecture of computer networks
Advantages of a peer-to-peer network:
It is less expensive because it does not include any dedicated server.
If one computer stops working but the opposite computers do not stop working.
It's easy to set up and maintain because each computer manages itself.
Disadvantages of a peer-to-peer network:
In the case of a Peer-To-Peer network, it doesn't include a centralized system. Therefore, it cannot copy the data because the data is different in different places.
It has a security problem because the device is self-managed.
Client/server network
A client/server network may be a network model designed for end users called clients to access resources such as songs, video, etc. from a central computer referred to as a server.
The central control unit is understood as the server, while all other computers on the network are called clients.
The server performs all major operations like security and network management.
The server is liable for managing all resources such as files, directories, printer, etc.
All clients communicate with one another via the server. for instance , if client1 wants to send some data to client2, it first sends an invitation to the server for authorization. The server sends a response to client 1 to start out its communication with client 2.
Advantages of a client/server network:
A client/server network contains a centralized system. So we will easily back up the data.
A client/server network features a dedicated server that improves the overall performance of the entire system.
Security is best in a client/server network because shared resources are managed by a single server.
It also increases the speed of resource sharing.
Disadvantages of a client/server network:
Client/server networking is dear because it requires a server with a lot of memory.
The server features a network operating system (NOS) that provides resources to clients, but the value of NOS is very high.
It requires a fanatical network administrator to manage all resources.
Components
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| Computer Network Tutorial 2022|features|Components|Types of Network |
The computer system half is one among the various components that area unit expected to introduce the merchandise. Some necessary hardware elements area unit NIC, switch, link, hub, switch and electronic equipment. looking on the kind of organization we would like to introduce, some components of the organization also can be deleted. for instance, you are doing not would like a affiliation to a far off organization.
Many of the components the organization is anticipated to supply include:
NIC
NIC stands for network interface card.
A NIC may be a piece of hardware which will connect one laptop to a different
It will support knowledge transfer speeds of ten,100 to 1,000 Mbps.
The macintosh address, or physical location, is encoded on organization cards issued by the IEEE to unambiguously distinguish organization cards. The macintosh address is hold on in promenade (Programmable Memory Only).
There area unit 2 varieties of NICs:
Computer network elements
NIC cable
NIC is way away
Cable NIC: The cable NIC is within the motherboard. Cable NICs and connectors area unit accustomed manage knowledge.
Remote NIC: a far off NIC affiliation includes a cable that you simply get to plug into the remote entity. for instance a far off NIC laptop.
Center
A hub may be a hardware device that shares structure connections between completely different devices. once a laptop requests some info from AN entity, it initial sends it to the Hub via missive of invitation affiliation. The Hub can handle this request to the complete organization. all devices can check if the request is valid for them. If not, you will need to raise.
The interaction utilized by the hub uses a lot of knowledge transfer and limits proportional correspondence. Today, the utilization of central points has disappeared and has been replaced by a lot of advanced network elements like switches and routers.
Through
A switch may be a hardware device that connects numerous devices in a very laptop organization. The Switch has a lot of advanced events than the Hub. Includes AN updated table that selects that exclusionary education is reportable. The transformation targets the message by considering the particular location within the incoming message. The switch doesn't report back to a whole organization just like the Hub. Specify to whom the message ought to be sent. Finally, we are saying that the switch provides a rapid affiliation between the supply and also the object. Accelerate the organization.
Through
A switch may be a hardware device accustomed connect LAN and internet connections. accustomed receive, share, and forward incoming packets to different entities.
Switches operate at Layer three (Network Layer) of the OSI reference model.
The switch forwards the packet supported the knowledge out there within the routing table.
It solves the only thanks to send a partition.
Router Advantages:
Security: the knowledge reportable to the organization are going to be sent to the network, however it's the foremost specific contraption which will review the knowledge.
Reliability: If the server goes down, the organization goes down, however the assorted organizations offered by the switch aren't affected.
Modem
A electronic equipment may be a hardware device that enables a laptop to attach to the net through AN existing phonephone line.
The electronic equipment isn't connected to the motherboard unless it's inserted into the PCI slot found on the motherboard.
It stands for Modulator/Demodulator. computerised knowledge is well modified over the line.
Given the distinction in speed and transmission speed, modems area unit usually ordered in classification:
Standard laptop electronic equipment or Dial-up electronic equipment
Cellular electronic equipment
Modem affiliation
Links and Links
An address is a broadcasting accustomed send a symbol.
There area unit 3 varieties of links utilized in delivery:
A couple of links thereto
Coaxial affiliation
fiber optic affiliation
Computer Network Types:
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| Computer Network Tutorial 2022 |
A automatic data processing system may be a cluster of interconnected laptops that enable one laptop to speak with another computer and share resources, data, and applications.
Computer networks is divided into teams supported their size. laptop systems essentially encompass four types:
Types of laptop networks
LAN (Local space Network)
PAN (Personal space Network)
MAN (Metropolitan Network)
WAN (wide space network)
LAN (Local space Network):
A local space network may be a cluster of interconnected computers during a tiny space like a building or workplace.
LAN, twisted combine, cable, etc. accustomed connect 2 or additional personal computers through communication media like
Hubs are cheaper as a result of they're designed with cheaper hardware like network adapters and local area network cables.
Data is transferred quicker on {a local|an space|a neighborhood} area network.
Local space networks give higher security.
PAN (Personal space Network)
A personal space network may be a network put in on someone, typically ten meters away.
Personal space network is employed to attach notebook computer instrumentation, referred to as Personal space Network.
Thomas Zimmerman was the primary analysis individual to come back up with the thought the thought Personal Field Network.
A personal field internet covers a section a section feet.
Personal computing devices accustomed develop personal space networks are laptops, cell phones, media players, and diversion stations
There are 2 forms of personal space networks:
Types of laptop networks:
Wireless Personal space Network
Wireless Personal space Network: Wireless Personal space Network is developed exploitation solely wireless technologies like local area network, Bluetooth. this can be a low-pass network.
Wireless Personal space Network: A wireless personal space network is formed exploitation USB.
Examples of personal space
Networks:
Body space Network: The body space system may be a human-made network. for instance, mobile systems operate with humans. Suppose someone makes a network affiliation then connects to a different device to share information.
Offline Network:
Offline network is created within the house, thus it's conjointly referred to as home network. Home networks are designed to attach devices like printers, computers, and televisions that aren't connected to the web.
Small Home Office: accustomed connect multiple devices to the web and company network exploitation VPN
MAN (Metropolitan Network)
A metropolitan space network may be a network that spans a bigger geographic region by connecting different LANs to make a bigger network.
Government agencies use MAN to attach with voters and also the personal sector.
In a MAN, totally different LANs are connected to every different via work lines.
The most unremarkably used protocols in MAN are RS-232, Frame Relay, ATM, ISDN, OC-3, ADSL, etc.
It has a better vary than {a local|an space|a neighborhood} area network (LAN).
Use of the tube network:
MAN is employed in communication between banks within the town.
Can be utilized in advance for traveling.
It is utilized in centre school.
It also can be used for communication within the military.
WAN (wide space network)
A wide space network may be a network that spans an oversized geographic region, like a state or country.
A wide space network may be a network that's larger than a LAN.
A wide space network isn't restricted to one location, however extends to an oversized geographic region through phone phone lines, fiber optic cables, or satellite connections.
The Internet is one among the biggest WANs within the world.
Widespread networking is wide utilized in business, government, and education.
Examples of wide space networks:
Mobile Broadband: 4G network is wide utilized in the region or country.
Last mile: employed by telecommunications corporations to produce web services to customers in many cities by connecting their homes with fiber.
Private Network: The Bank provides a personal network connecting forty four offices. This network is finished by employing a hired phone phone line provided by the telecommunications company.
Advantages of Wide space Network :
Advantages of broadband:
Geographical Area: a good regional network covers an oversized geographical region. Suppose if our branch workplace is in another town, we are able to hook up with them exploitation WAN. the web provides a hired line that may be connected to different branches.
Centralized Data: within the case of a WAN network, the info is centralized. thus there's no have to be compelled to obtain email, file or backup servers.
Get updated files: the software system company runs directly on the server. thus programmers get updated files in seconds.
Messaging: Messages are sent quickly over the WAN. net applications like Facebook, Whatsapp, Skype enable you to speak along with your friends.
Software and resources: we are able to share software system and different resources like magnetic disc, RAM through WAN.
Global.
Topologies:
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What is topology?
Topology defines the structure of the network, however all parts square measure connected to every alternative. There square measure 2 forms of topology: physical and network topology.
A network topology may be a geometric illustration of all nodes during a network.
Topology of PC networks
Bus topology
Topology of PC networks
A network topology is intended in order that all stations square measure connected by one cable called a backbone cable.
Each node is either connected to the backbone via a drop cable or directly connected to the backbone.
When a node needs to send a message over the network, it sends the message over the network. All stations accessible on the network can receive the message despite whether or not it absolutely was addressed or not.
Bus topology is especially employed in 802.3 (ethernet) and 802.4 customary networks.
Bus topology configuration is way easier compared to alternative topologies.
The backbone cable is taken into account the "single lane" over that the message is transmitted to any or all stations. the foremost common access technique of bus topologies is CSMA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access).
CSMA: this is often a media access management wont to management the flow knowledge|of knowledge|of information} in order that data integrity is maintained, i.e. packets aren't lost. There square measure 2 alternative routes to resolve issues that occur once 2 nodes send messages at the same time.
CSMA CD: CSMA CD (collision detection) is Associate in Nursing access technique used for collision detection. Once a collision is detected, the sender stops transmission information. that is why it works on "crash recovery".
CSMA CA: CSMA CA (Collision Avoidance) is Associate in Nursing access technique wont to avoid collision by checking whether or not the transmission medium is busy or not. If busy, the sender waits till the medium becomes idle. this method effectively reduces the likelihood of collision. It does not work on "collision recovery".
Advantages of bus topology:
Low-cost cable: during a network topology, nodes square measure connected on to the cable while not browsing a hub. Therefore, initial installation prices square measure low.
Medium information rates: homocentric or twisted-pair cables square measure principally employed in bus-based networks that support up to ten Mbps.
Known technology: network topology may be a best-known technology as a result of the installation and troubleshooting techniques square measure standard and also the hardware parts square measure promptly accessible.
Limited failure: A failure in one node can haven't any result on alternative nodes.
Disadvantages of bus topology:
Extensive cabling: network topology is way easier however still needs loads of cabling.
Difficult troubleshooting: specialised testing instrumentality is required to work out cable faults. Any fault within the cable would disrupt communication for all nodes.
Signal Interference: If 2 nodes square measure causing messages at a similar time, then the signals of each nodes can run into one another.
Difficult reconfiguration: Adding new devices to the network would prevent the network.
Ring topology
Topology of pc networks
A ring topology is sort of a network topology, however with connected ends.
A node that receives a message from a previous pc retransmits it to succeeding node.
Data flows in one direction, i.e. unifacial.
Data flows {in a|during a|in Associate in Nursing exceedingly|in a very} single loop ceaselessly called an infinite loop.
It has no terminated ends, i.e. every node is connected to a different node and has no end.
Data during a ring topology flows dextral.
The most common technique of ring topology approach is token passing.
Token Passing: this is often a network access technique wherever a token is passed from one node to a different node.
Token: it's a frame that circulates on the network.
How token passing works
A token moves round the network and is passed from pc to pc till it reaches its destination.
The sender modifies the token by adding Associate in Nursing address to the info.
Data is passed from one device to a different till the destination address matches. Once the token is received by the target device, it sends Associate in Nursing acknowledgment to the sender.
In a ring topology, a token is employed as a bearer.
Advantages of ring topology:
Network management: Faulty devices is far from the network while not inflicting a network outage.
Product Availability: several hardware and software system tools square measure accessible for network operation and observation.
Price: Twisted combine cabling is reasonable and promptly accessible. Therefore, the installation prices square measure terribly low.
Disadvantages of ring topology:
Difficult troubleshooting: specialised testing instrumentality is required to work out cable faults. Any fault within the cable would disrupt communication for all nodes.
Failure: Failure of 1 station ends up in failure of the whole network.
Difficult reconfiguration: Adding new devices to the network would prevent the network.
Star topology
Topology of PC networks
A topology may be a network arrangement within which every node is connected to a central hub, switch, or central PC.
The central PC is understood because the server and also the peripheral devices connected to the server are called shoppers.
Coaxial cable or RJ-45 cables are wont to connect computers.
Hubs or switches are chiefly used as affiliation devices in a very physical topology.
Star topology is that the hottest topology in network implementation.
Advantages of topology
Efficient troubleshooting: Troubleshooting is kind of economical in topology compared to topology. in a very topology, the manager should management the kilometers of cable. in a very topology, all stations are connected to a centralized network. Therefore, the network administrator should contact one station to resolve the matter.
Network Management: complicated network management functions will be simply enforced in a very topology. Any changes created to the topology are mechanically adjusted.
Limited failure: as a result of every station is connected to the central hub by its own cable, the failure of 1 cable doesn't have an effect on the whole network.
Known technology: topology may be a famous technology as a result of its tools are value effective.
Easily Expandable: it's simply expandable as new stations will be supplementary to the open ports on the hub.
Disadvantages of topology
Central purpose of failure:
If a central hub or switch fails, all connected nodes won't be ready to communicate with one another.
Cable:
typically cable routing is tough once a big quantity of routing is needed.
Tree topology
Topology of PC networks
Tree topology combines the options of topology and topology.
A tree topology may be a kind of structure within which all computers are interconnected in a very class-conscious manner.
The uppermost node within the tree topology is understood because the root node and every one alternative nodes are kids of the basis node.
Transmission modes:
The means knowledge is transferred from one device to a different is named the transfer mode.
Transmission mode is additionally called communication mode.
Each channel has Associate in Nursing assigned direction, and therefore the transmission media provides the direction. Therefore, the transmission mode is additionally called the directional mode.
The transmission mode is outlined within the physical layer.
The transfer mode is split into 3 categories:
Transmission modes:
Simplex mode
Half duplex mode
Full duplex mode
Simplex mode
Transmission modes
In simplex mode, communication is unidirectional, i.e. knowledge flow in one direction.
A device will solely send knowledge however cannot receive knowledge, or it will receive knowledge however cannot send knowledge.
This methodology of transmission isn't extremely popular, as a result of primarily communication needs two-way knowledge exchange. The simplex mode is employed within the business field as in sales, that doesn't need any corresponding response.
A station may be a simplex channel as a result of it transmits a symptom to listeners however ne'er permits them to transmit back.
Advantage of Simplex mode:
In simplex mode, the station will use the complete information measure of the channel, therefore additional knowledge will be transmitted promptly.
Disadvantage of Simplex mode:
Communication is unidirectional, therefore there's no mutual communication between devices.
Half duplex mode
Transmission modes
In a half-duplex channel, the direction will be reversed, i.e. the station may also transmit and receive knowledge.
Messages flow each ways that, however not at the same time.
The entire information measure of the channel is employed in one direction at a time.
In half-duplex mode, error detection will be done and if any error happens, then the receiver can raise the sender to resend the info.
An example of half-duplex mode may be a link. during a link, one party talks and therefore the alternative listens. when an intermission, the opposite party speaks and therefore the initial party listens. Talking at a similar time can produce a distorted sound that can't be understood.
Advantage of half-duplex mode:
In half-duplex mode, each devices will send and receive knowledge and might additionally use the total information measure of the channel throughout knowledge transmission.
Disadvantages of Half-Duplex mode:
In half-duplex mode, once one device sends knowledge, then the opposite has got to wait, this causes a delay in causation knowledge at the correct time.
Full duplex mode
Transmission modes
In full duplex mode, communication is two-way, i.e. knowledge flow in each directions.
Both stations will send and receive messages at the same time.
Full duplex mode has 2 simplex channels. One channel has traffic occupancy one direction and another channel has traffic flowing within the other way.
Full duplex mode is that the quickest mode of communication between devices.
Advantages of full duplex mode:
Both stations will send and receive knowledge at the same time.
Disadvantages of full duplex mode:
If there's no dedicated path between devices, then the capability of the channel is split into 2 components.
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